LED Dimming: What You Need to Know

DOE SSL Program

Disamba 10, 2012

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Rahoton Baki

"LED Dimming: What You Need to Know" wani cikakken jagora ne da DOE SSL Program suka buga a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2012. Rahoton ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da kalubale, fasahohi, da mafi kyawun ayyuka na dimming LED hasken, musamman ma yana mai da hankali kan batutuwan dacewa tare da phase-cut dimmers.

Muhimmin Haske: Yin haske a duniya ta gaske, sarrafa haske na LED na iya zama mai kalubale, musamman tare da na'urori masu rage lokaci. Bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin halayen tushen LED da na'urori masu rage haske na nufin ba za a iya ɗauka kaɗan ba, ba duk da'awar suna daidai ba, kuma yana da wuya a iya hasashen aikin ba tare da gwadawa ba.

Key Data Points

>150M
Phase-cut dimmers installed in U.S.
2 Methods
Primary LED dimming approaches
7.5-16.3%
Flicker percentage range in tests
20%
THD-I limit for loads

Key Insights Summary

LEDs Are Inherently Dimmable

Ana iya rage hasken LEDs ta amfani da hanyoyin Rage Ƙarar Halin yanzu (CCR/Analog) ko kuma hanyoyin Maɗauri Faɗin girma (PWM). Kowane hanya tana da bambance-bambancen fa'ida dangane da aiki, inganci, da matsaloli masu yuwuwa kamar canza launi ko ƙyasta.

LEDs suna buƙatar Direbobi.

Ba kamar hanyoyin haske na incandescent waɗanda ke aiki kamar sauƙaƙan lodi masu jurewa, LEDs suna buƙatar direbobi don canza ƙarfin lantarki AC zuwa ƙayyadaddun halin yanzu na yau da kullun. Ɗayan direban da dacewa da kayan aikin dimming suna ƙayyade aikin dimming.

Kalubalen Dimmig na Phase-Cut

Dimmig na Phase-Cut an tsara su ne don hanyoyin haske na incandescent kuma suna iya haifar da manyan matsalolin dacewa tare da lodin LED. Waɗannan sun haɗa da matattun tafiye-tafiye, pop-on, fadi, walƙiya, fatalwa, da kuma karar sauti.

Rage haske yana shafar ingancin wutar lantarki

Rage hasken LED na iya canza halayen direba, yana iya rage inganci, ƙara flicker, da rage ingancin wutar lantarki kamar yadda ake auna ta Power Factor da Total Harmonic Distortion metrics.

Rashin Daidaituwar Aiki

Masu kera daban-daban suna amfani da ayyukan sarrafawa da haske daban-daban (layi, murabba'i, lanƙwasa-S). Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin dimmer da ayyukan canja wurin tushen LED na iya haifar da halayen dimming da ba a zata ba.

Dokokin Lodi Sun Canza

Tsohon dokokin loda dimmer da suka dogara da wattage na incandescent ba sa aiki ga LEDs. Mafi ƙarancin buƙatun loda da na iyaka sun bambanta sosai tsakanin nau'ikan dimmer da haɗin gwiwar tushen LED.

Bayyani na Abun ciki

Abun da Littattafai

Me yasa Kashe Kyandirorin LED?

Haskakēn LED yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa fiye da sauƙaƙan sarrafa yanayi:

  • Ƙarin ceton makamashi fiye da abin da aka samu ta hanyar canzawa zuwa fasahar LED
  • Ƙaruwar aikin aikin gani ta daidaita matakan haske zuwa takamaiman buƙatu
  • Ingantaccen yanayi da sassaucen sarari
  • Ƙarancin hanyoyin haske don tantancewa, kulawa, da adanawa
  • Demand response load shedding iyawa
  • Yiwantani a cika inganci da tsawon rayuwa na hasken

Kalubalen Gudanar da Hasken Wuta

Duk da fa'idodin, kashe fitilun LED yana gabatar da kalubale masu muhimmanci da yawa:

  • Bambance-bambance mai yawa A cikin halayen tushen LED da dimmer
  • Kadan za a iya ɗauka bisa ga ayyukan tarihi tare da hasken wuta
  • Ba duk da'awar suna daidai ba Saboda rashin daidaitattun hanyoyin gwaji
  • Mai wuyar hasashe Aiki ba tare da ainihin gwaji ba
  • Hanyoyin hulɗa a matakin da'ira tsakanin LED drivers da dimmers suna haifar da matsalar dacewa

Tushen Gudanar da Hasken LED

Fahimtar waɗannan mahimman ra'ayoyin yana da mahimmanci don aiwatar da LED dimming nasara:

Mahimmin Ra'ayi: LEDs sun sha bamban da tushen incandescent. Tushen incandescent suna kama da sauƙaƙan lodi masu juriya, yayin da LEDs na'urorin lantarki ne masu sarƙaƙa waɗanda ke buƙatar direbobi don yin aiki yadda ya kamata.

LEDs da kuma Hasken Incandescent

Al'amari Hasken Incandescent Hasken LED
Halayen Lantarki Simple resistive load Complex electronic load
Current Control Vrms adjustment sufficient Requires constant current regulation
Hanyar Dushewa Rage ƙarfin lantarki/ƙarfin yanzu CCR or PWM
Lokacin Amsa Sannu (dorewar zafi) Nan take
Shugaban hanya Biyu hanya Unidirectional

LED Drivers

LEDs na bukatar drivers don:

  • Canza AC voltage zuwa kullum DC mai sarrafawa
  • Ramawa ga bambance-bambancen masana'antu a cikin LED gaba voltage (Vf)
  • Aiwatar da aikin rage haske (CCR ko PWM)
  • Kare LED daga yanayin wuce gona da iri na halin yanzu da yanayin zafi

Fasahar Haske

Rahoton ya rarraba fasahohin gudanarwar haske zuwa manyan hanyoyi biyu:

1. Coincident AC Power and Control Signal

  • Phase-cut AC sine wave (forward or reverse phase)
    • 2-Wire (hot, dimmed hot)
    • 3-Wire (hot, dimmed hot, neutral)
  • Reduced amplitude AC sine-wave

Separate AC Power and Control Signal

  • Fluorescent 3-Wire
  • 0-10V
  • DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface)
  • DMX512
  • PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

Shawarwari: Yi duba fasahohin sarrafawa waɗanda ke raba wutar lantarki ta AC da siginar sarrafawa, idan zai yiwu. Wannan hanyar takan ba da ingantaccen aikin duhu da ƙarancin matsalolin dacewa.

Hanyoyin Haske

Ana iya duhe-duhe na LEDs ta amfani da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu, kowannensu yana da siffofi daban-daban:

Constant Current Reduction (CCR/Analog)

  • Method: Yinna LED iko a lokaci gaba ɗaya yayin da ake kiyaye LED koyaushe a kunne
  • Abũbuwan gata:
    • Tsawon rayuwar LED (ƙarancin wutar lantarki da zafin jiki)
    • Babu ƙirar amo
    • Yuwuwar ingantacciyar inganci a ƙananan matakan duhu
    • Ba ya haifar da ƙyalli
  • Rashin Kyau
    • Yiwuwar Canjin Launi mara Kyau
    • Ƙarin Wahalar Ƙayyadaddun Matakan Duhu

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

  • Method: Kiyaye ƙarar LED iri ɗaya amma canza lokutan kunna/kashewa
  • Abũbuwan gata:
    • Tsawon rayuwar LED ya fi tsayi (ƙarancin lokacin kunna, ƙasan zafin jiki)
    • Kyakkyawan ƙayyadaddun duhu a matakan duhu mai zurfi
    • Babu canjin launi
  • Rashin Kyau
    • Yiwuwar ƙara
    • PWM mitar yana da mahimmanci don guje wa kyalkyali mara kyau
    • Iyakokin matakin duhu mafi ƙarancin

Matsalolin ƙyalli

Ƙyalli yana nufin bambancin lokaci (daidaitawa) na fitowar haske (ƙwararren haske). Yayin da yake nan a duk hanyoyin hasken kasuwanci na gargajiya masu aiki da wutar lantarki AC, yana iya zama matsala tare da hanyoyin LED.

Wane Yake Kula Da Flicker?

  • Duk wanda yake kula da haske mai sauyawa
  • Masu alhakin lafiyar ɗan adam, jin daɗi, da/ko aiki a cikin wuraren da ke da hasken wutar lantarki
  • Jama'ar da ke cikin haɗari:
    • Masu farfadiya masu saurin kamuwa da haske (1 cikin 4000)
    • Masu ciwon kai na migraine
    • Matasa
    • Mutanen da ke da Autism

Flicker Metrics

  • Percent Flicker: (Max-Min)/(Max+Min) × 100%
  • Flicker Index: Area above average / Total area

Test results in the report show flicker percentages ranging from 7.5% to 16.3% and flicker indices from 0.02 to 0.06 across different dimming levels and equipment combinations.

Power Quality

Dimming an LED source can change the behavior of the driver, potentially affecting power quality:

What is Power Quality?

Ingancin wutar lantarki yana nufin ƙaurawa da karkatacciyar siffofin ƙarfin lantarki da na halin yanzu, wanda ake aunawa ta:

  • Power Factor (PF): Yana danganta Ƙarfin Aiki (P) da Ƙarfin Bayyane (S) ta PF = P/S
  • Gabaɗaya ɓarna na Harmonic (THD):
    • THD-V (ƙarfin lantarki)
    • THD-I (current)

Wanene Yake Damu da Ingancin Wutar Lantarki?

  • Masu samar da wutar lantarki da masu amfani da ita:
    • Ƙarfafa buƙatun halin yanzu
    • Asarar jigilar wutar lantarki (I²R)
    • Wire, circuit breaker, transformer sizing
    • Potential equipment damage or degraded performance
  • Lighting equipment manufacturers:
    • Bukatar son rai a cikin ANSI C82.77-2002
    • Cinikin tsarin tsari
    • Iyakokin Kuɗi da Ƙuntatawa

Phase-Cut Dimming

Phase-cut dimming is the most commonly deployed dimming technology, with a large installed base in the U.S. (NEMA estimates >150 million units).

Phase-Cut vs. Sine-Wave Dimming

  • Phase-Cut: Yana yankake sassaken AC sine wave
    • Gaba-gaba (gaban gaba)
    • Baya-baya (gaban baya)
  • Sine-Wave: Yana rage girman duk tsawon igiyar Sine

An tsara shi don Hanyoyin Hasken Wuta

Phase-cut dimmers an farko an ƙera su don hanyoyin hasken wuta, waɗanda:

  • Su ke aiki kamar sauƙaƙan lodi masu jurewa
  • Yadda ya dace kawai suke kula da Vrms
  • Suna da alaƙa biyu (suna aiki tare da ingantaccen ƙarfin lantarki da mara kyau)
  • Suna da dorewar thermal (haske yana ci gaba bayan an dakatar da halin yanzu)

Compatibility Issues

Rahoton ya gano matsalolin daidaituwa da yawa waɗanda zasu iya faruwa tare da dusar ƙanƙara mai yanke lokaci na hanyoyin hasken LED:

  • Tafiya mara kyau: Adjusting dimmer setting without corresponding change in light level
  • Pop-on: Dimmer setting needs to be raised above existing setting to get light output at turn-on
  • Drop-out: No light output at the bottom of the dimming range
  • Popcorn: Lokacin kunna daban-daban don hanyoyin haske daban-daban akan da'irar da aka dushe
  • Walƙiya: Hanyar haske tana kunna lokaci-lokaci lokacin da ya kamata ta kashe
  • Fatalwa: Light source at low-level on state when it should be off
  • Audible noise from dimmer or LED driver
  • Rashin aiki ko gazawar da bai kai ba

Tushen Matsalolin Daidaituwa

  • LED baiyanka ba zai iya auna Vrms da/ko kusurwar gudanarwa da dimmer ya gabatar
  • LED baiyanka baya jawo isasshiyar ƙarfin lantarki don kiyaye dimmer canza kayan aiki a rufe
  • LED baiyanka yana haifar da tsayayyen abin da ke kawo cikas ga lokutan aikin dimmer
  • LED load a cikin yanayin kashewa baya wucewar halin yanzu na dimmer ta hanyar da ke kiyaye fasalulluka na ci-gaba
  • LED load yana jawo igiyoyin ruwa masu haifar da matsin lamba fiye da abin da ake nufi da wattage na dimmer

Recommendations

Rahoton ya ya bayar da shawarwari da yawa don aiwatar da LED dimming cikin nasara:

San Zaɓuɓɓukan ku

  • Tantance ko samfurin LED fitila ne ko hasken wuta
    • Fitilu: Yawanci gyara tare da daidaitaccen tushe, an takura zuwa lokacin sarrafa
    • Luminaires: Yawanci suna da zaɓuɓɓukan direba waɗanda ke samar da zaɓuɓɓukan sarrafawa daban-daban
  • Yi la'akari da fasahonin sarrafawa waɗanda ke raba wutar lantarki ta AC da siginar sarrafawa
  • Yi amfani da dimmer na yanke lokaci tare da tsaka tsaki idan zai yiwu
  • Yi la'akari da amfani da sarrafa duhu da aka tsara musamman don hanyoyin LED

Yi Amfani da Bayanan da ake da su

  • Yi Bincike kan ƙirar da ake da'awa, aikin dimming na hanyoyin LED
  • Nemi shawarwarin zaɓin sarrafa dimming da aka ba da shawara
  • Yi kula da shawarwarin takamaiman samfura da nau'ikan motoci
  • Lura da buƙatun loda dimmer (matsakaicin/matsakaicin adadin hanyoyin LED kowane iko)

Yi Tambayoyin Da Suka Dace

  • Menene ayyukan canja wurin duhu?
  • Shin LED direba yana aiwatar da CCR ko PWM?
  • Menene mitar PWM dimming?
  • Shin aikin dimming yana bambanta a matakan wutar lantarki daban-daban?
  • Shin an tantance tushen LED don flicker da ingancin wutar lantarki a cikin kewayon dimming?
  • Shin dimmer yana buƙatar tsaka tsaki ko daidaitawa?

Auna Ma'auni

  • Bukatar Aikace-aikace da Abubuwan da ake so
    • Yaya Girman Lumshe Yake Da Muhimmanci?
    • Yaya Girman Ingancin Wutar Lantarki Yake Da Muhimmanci?
  • Zabi 1: Yi amfani da LED kawai da kuma phase-cut dimmers tare da ƙayyadaddun dacewa
  • Zabi 2: Yi shirin shigar da duk abubuwan da aka yi niyya

Yi Binciken Hadari

  • Gama-gaman "gyaran" na matsalolin daidaitawa:
    • Canja LED tushe, direba, ko sarrafa duhu
    • Ƙara incandescent ko kaya na bogi
    • Ƙara wayoyi marasa tsauri
  • Sau da yawa babu ingantattun mafita bayan an shigar da samfuran
  • Yi shirka kafin a yi odar samfuran kuma a shigar da su.

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