Kimiyyar Haskak

Electromagnetic Wave Theory

Haske wani radiyon lantarki ne wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa masu jujjuyawa waɗanda ke tafiya daga tushe zuwa kowane bangare. Ba kamar sautin raƙuman ruwa ba, raƙuman haskakka sun ƙunshi raƙuman filin lantarki da na maganadisu masu kusurwa zuwa alkiblar tafiya kuma suna iya tafiya cikin sarari.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic spectrum yana kewayo daga radiyo mai tsayin raƙuman (har zuwa mita 2,000) zuwa hasken sararin samaniya (har zuwa 10⁻¹⁸ mita). Hasken da ake iya gani yana ɗaukar tsayin raƙuman daga 780-380 nanometers, tare da tsayin raƙuman daban-daban suna haifar da ra'ayoyin launi daban-daban.

Quantum Theory

Max Planck's quantum theory ya tabbatar cewa ana fitar da makamashin lantarki a cikin sassa daban-daban da ake kira quanta (photons don hasken da ake iya gani). Abun cikin makamashi yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da mitar: E = h·f = h·c/λ, yana bayyana dalilin da yasa gajerun raƙuman ruwa suke da ƙarin kuzari.

Thermal Radiators

Jikunan da ke fitar da hasken lantarki saboda yawan zafi, kamar fitilun wuta da rana. Zafin launi yana nuna yadda ake ganin launi, tare da ƙananan zafin jiki (2000-3000K) suna bayyana dumi da yawan zafin jiki (5000K+) suna bayyana sanyi.

Gas Discharge Radiators

Hasken da aka samu ta hanyar aika rafukan lantarki ta cikin iskar gas a cikin bututsu masu tsinkaye. Ya haɗa da ƙarancin matsa lamba (fitilun fluorescent) da fitilun fitar da matsa lamba mai girma (fitilun HID), yana ba da ingantaccen inganci (har zuwa 15x incandescent) da tsawon rayuwa (sau 10,000-25,000).

Solid-State Radiators

LEDs suna samar da haske ta hanyar motsin lantarki a kan mahaɗin p-n a cikin kayan semiconductor. Zamani LEDs suna cimma inganci kwatankwacin fitilun fitar da iskar gas, tare da farin haske da aka samar ta hanyar haɗin RGB ko jujjuyawar phosphor.

Nau'in Fitilu da Kaddarorin

Ayyuka daban-daban suna buƙatar takamaiman kaddarorin fitilu waɗanda suka haɗa da inganci, zafin launi, bayyana launi, tsawon rayuwa, dimmability, da kaddarorin jiki. Asalin fitilu yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin fasahorin haske na thermal, gas discharge, da solid-state.

Tunani

Sarrafa alkiblar haske ta amfani da saman da ke da takamaiman halayen tunani. Nau'in sun haɗa da tunani na musamman (kamar madubi), ɓarnawar tunani (warwatse a kowane bangare), da gauraye tunani. Cikakken tunani na ciki a cikin filayen gani yana ba da damar isar da haske mai inganci.

Sha da Watsawa

Hasken da bai yi tunani ba ko dai an sha shi (an canza shi zuwa zafi) ko kuma an watsa shi ta kayan. Watsawa ta bambanta da kaddarorin kayan da kuma tsawon zango, tare da matatun masu launi suna zaɓin watsa takamaiman sassan bakan.

Refraction

Haske da ke lankwasawa yayin da yake wucewa tsakanin kafofin watsa labarai na yawa daban-daban, wanda Dokar Snell ke tafiyar da shi: sinα₁/sinα₂ = n₁/n₂. Fihirisar lankwasawa ta bambanta da tsayin raƙuman ruwa, yana haifar da tarwatsa launi a cikin ginshiƙai da ruwan tabarau.

Interference

Yanayin haske na igiyar ruwa yana haifar da tasirin tsangwama da ake amfani da shi a cikin rufaffiyar dichroic, saman hana haske, da matatun launi. Tsangwama na bakin ciki yana raba sassan radiation, yana ba da damar fasahohi kamar fitilun halogen mai sanyaya.

Adadin Ma'aunin Haske

Na'urar hasken ƙwararrun ta ƙididdige duka makamashin radiyo da kuma hankalin idon ɗan adam (V(λ) curve). Muhimman ma'auni sun haɗa da kwararar haske (lumens), ƙarfin haske (candela), haskakawa (lux), da haskakawa (cd/m²).

Haɗin kai na Aiki

Asalin alaƙa sun haɗa da dokar juz'i mai jujjuyawa (E = I/d²), dokar cosine don saman kusurwoyi, da dabarun haɗa haskakawa tare da haskakawa don filaye masu tarwatsawa (L = ρ·E/π).

Fasahar Aunawa

Ma'aunai na haske suna amfani da sel ɗin hoto don auna haske, tare da kayan aiki na musamman don ƙarfin haske (gonio-photometers), kwararar haske (Ulbricht spheres), da haske (ma'aunai na haske).

Visual Process and Eye Anatomy

Idon mutum yana aiki kamar kyamara, tare da cornea, ruwan tabarau, iris, da retina suna sarrafa bayanan gani. Fiye da kashi 80% na bayanan muhalli ana samun su ta hanyar gani.

Hangon Nisa da Hangon Lantarki

Sanduna suna ba da damar hangen nesa (ƙarancin haske, monochromatic, gefe) tare da kololuwar hankali a 507nm. Mazugi suna ba da damar hangen lantarki (haske mai haske, launi, daki-daki) tare da kololuwar hankali a 555nm. Hangen Mesopic ya ƙunshi duka tsarin a matakan haske na tsakiya.

Tsarin Daidaita Ido

Masauki (maida hankali), daidaitawa (gyara hankali), da haɗakarwa (haɗin gwiwar ido biyu) suna ba da kyakkyawan hangen nesa a cikin yanayi da nisa daban-daban.

Aikin Gani da Kwanciyar Hankali

Gano Bambanci, Ƙarfin Gani, da Gudanar da Hasara suna ƙayyade aikin gani. Abubuwan da suka haɗa da yanayin daidaitawa, girman abu, lokacin kallo, da canje-canjen gani na shekaru.

Abubuwan Hankali da Tunani

Lighting influences emotional states, spatial perception, and atmosphere. Kruthof's curve describes preferred relationships between illuminance levels and color temperatures.

Color Mixing

Haɗin launi na ƙari (haɗin hasken RGB) yana haifar da sakamako mai haske, yayin da ragi (fenti, tace) ke haifar da sakamako mai duhu. Launuka na fari (ja, kore, shuɗi) suna haɗuwa don samar da farin haske a cikin tsarin ƙari.

Triangle Launi da Zazzabi

CIE chromaticity diagram yana auna fahimtar launi ta amfani da haɗin kai na x-y. Yanayin zafi yana siffanta na'urorin watsa zafi, yayin da yanayin zafi mai alaƙa yana bayyana fitarwar iskar gas da hanyoyin ƙwaƙƙwaran.

Daidaitawar Launi

Tsarin ido-kwakwalwa yana daidaitawa da yanayin haske, yana fahimtar ma'auni daban-daban na fari a matsayin "fari" dangane da mahallin da yanayin daidaitawa.

Fitarin Launi

Fihirisar fitar launi ta gabaɗaya (Rₐ) tana auna yadda hasken wuta ke fitar da launukan abu da aminci idan aka kwatanta da maɓuɓɓukan tunani. Ƙimar tana kewayo daga mara kyau (mara kyau) zuwa 100 (mai kyau).

Circadian Rhythms

Tsawon haske da duhu yana tsara bayyanar cututtuka na kashi 24 ciki har da yanayin barci da farkawa, yanayin zafin jiki, da samar da hormones (cortisol, melatonin). Hasar safiya tana daidaita agogon ilmin halittar cikin jiki.

Non-Visual Biological Effects

Kwayoyin ganglion na retina masu daukar hoto (ipRGCs) suna haɗawa da agogon halitta na kwakwalwa (SCN), suna rinjayar matakai na physiological ba tare da hangen nesa ba.

Bambance-bambancen Hankalin Bakan

Hankali na halittu yana kololuwa a yankin bakan shuɗi (kimanin 460-480nm), ba kamar Hankalin gani ba wanda yake kololuwa a cikin kore-rawaya (555nm).

Maganin Hasken Wuta

Hasken da aka sarrafa zai iya magance matsalar bacci, cutar damuwa ta yanayi (SAD), matsalar cin abinci, da kuma karkatar da yanayin jiki daga tashin jirgi ko aikin canji.

Bukatun Matakin Haskakawa

Matsakaicin hasken wuta ya kewayo daga 0.25 lux (hasken wata) zuwa 100,000 lux (hasken rana kai tsaye), tare da takamaiman shawarwari don aikace-aikace daban-daban dangane da wahalar aiki da shekarun mai amfani.

Rarraba Sararin Samaniya

Matsakaicin daidaito, rarraba haske, da ƙuntatawa kyalkyali suna tabbatar da daidaitaccen yanagin gani. Shawararrun iyakan haske: rufi (60-90%), bangon (30-80%), filayen aiki (20-60%), bene (10-50%).

Jagorancin Haske

Haske mai jagora yana haifar da tsari da inuwa, haske mai watsewa yana rage inuwa, kuma haske kai tsaye yana ba da haske mai laushi. Rarraba hasken fitila yana ƙayyade tasirin haske da yuwuwar haske.

Launin La'akari

Color rendering index (Rₐ) da zaɓin zafin jiki sun dogara da buƙatun aikace-aikace. Hasken mai motsi zai iya daidaita duka sigogi biyu don tallafawa buƙatun halitta a cikin yini.

Tattalin Arziki da Muhalli

Binciken farashin mallakar gabaɗaya yana daidaita farashin saka hannun jari tare da farashin aiki (makamashi, kulawa). Hasken yana lissafin kashi 19% na amfani da wutar lantarki a duniya, yana jaddada mahimmancin ingantaccen amfani da makamashi da alhakin muhalli.