Mai Kunna Haske da ba a iya gani: Sarrafa Haske mai Dogaro da Mutum daga Hotunan RGBD

1. Gabatarwa

Zanen hasken cikin gida yana da mahimmanci ga duka jin daɗin mutum da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi. A cikin yanayi kamar ofisoshi, ana kiyaye haske a matakan mafi girma sau da yawa, wanda ke haifar da babban amfani da makamashi mara amfani. Bincike ya nuna haske na iya ɗaukar sama da kashi 15% na amfani da wutar lantarki na gini, inda ya kai kusan kashi 25%. Dabarun ceton makamashi na gargajiya suna mai da hankali kan amfani da hasken rana, sarrafa gida, da ingantattun kayan haske. Wannan takarda ta gabatar da Mai Kunna Haske da ba a iya gani (ILS), sabon tsarin da ke daidaita haske bisa ga takamaiman buƙatu da filin kallon kowane mai zama, yana cimma babban ceton makamashi ba tare da rage ingancin haskensu da ake gani ba.

2. Tsarin Mai Kunna Haske da ba a iya gani (ILS)

2.1 Babban Ra'ayi da Dalili

Babban ra'ayin ILS shine ya sa ceton makamashi ya zama "ba a iya gani" ga mai amfani. Yana rage haske ko kashe fitilun da ba su cikin filin kallon mai amfani na yanzu (frustum na matsayin kai) ba, yayin kiyaye isassun matakan haske ga yankin da mai amfani ke amfani da shi sosai. Wannan yana da tasiri musamman a cikin manyan wurare, masu ƙarancin mutane kamar buɗaɗɗen ofisoshi.

2.2 Bayyani Game da Tsarin Aiki

Tsarin aikin ILS, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a Hoto na 2 na PDF, ya ƙunshi matakai masu mahimmanci da yawa:

1. Samun Shigarwa: Ana ɗaukar bayanan RGBD (launi da zurfin) daga tsarin kyamara.
2. Nazarin Yanayi: Ana sake gina geometry na 3D da kaddarorin kayan hoto na ɗakin.
3. Nazari mai Dogaro da Mutum: Ana gano kasancewar mutum, kuma ana ƙima matsayin kai (shugaban kallo).
4. Sarrafa Haske: Sakamakon yana sanar da tsarin ceton wutar lantarki wanda ke sarrafa fitilun guda ɗaya.

3. Hanyoyin Fasaha

3.1 Nazarin Yanayi daga Shigarwar RGBD

Tsarin yana amfani da hotunan RGBD don ƙirƙirar samfurin 3D na muhalli. Wannan ya haɗa da gano saman, fuskokinsu, da kusan haske (albedo), waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don ingantaccen simintin jigilar haske.

3.2 Gano Mutum da Kima Matsayin Kai

Ana amfani da dabarun hangen nesa na kwamfuta don gano mutane a cikin yanayin da kuma ƙima shugaban kallon su. Wannan yana ayyana frustum na kallo—ƙarar sararin da mutum zai iya gani—wanda ke tsakiyar dabaru na ILS.

3.3 Kima Matakin Haske bisa Radiosity

ILS yana amfani da samfurin radiosity don kwaikwayon yaduwar haske a cikin ɗakin. Wannan samfurin haske na duniya yana lissafin haske kai tsaye daga tushe da haske kai tsaye da aka billa daga saman. Yana ƙima hasken (a cikin Lux) a wurin idon mutum, wanda ke aiki azaman wakili na matakin haske da ake gani.

4. Tsarin Gwaji da Sakamako

4.1 Tattara Bayanai tare da Na'urori masu auna Lux

Marubutan sun tattara sabon bayanan da mahalarta suka sanya na'urori masu auna lux a kawunansu, daidai da kallonsu, don auna gaskiyar haske yayin ayyukan ofis.

4.2 Aikin Ceton Makamashi

A cikin ɗakin gwaji mai fitilun LED 8, ILS ya rage amfani da makamashi na yau da kullun daga watt-hours 18,585 zuwa watt-hours 7,766 (ciki har da 1,560W don aikin tsarin). Wannan yana wakiltar raguwa mai tsanani a cikin makamashin haske kawai.

4.3 Tasirin Haske da ake Gani

Duk da babban ceton makamashi, raguwar hasken da aka auna a idon mai amfani ya kasance kusan lux 200 kawai. Lokacin da hasken tushe ya yi yawa (misali, >1200 lux, na yau da kullun ga ofisoshi), ana ɗaukar wannan raguwa a matsayin ƙanƙanta kuma mai yiwuwa ba za a iya gani ba, yana tabbatar da da'awar "ba a iya gani".

5. Muhimman Fahimta da Tattaunawa

• Mai Dogaro da Mutum vs. Kasancewa kawai: ILS ya wuce sauƙaƙan na'urori masu gano kasancewar mutum ta hanyar la'akari da inda mutum yake kallo, yana ba da damar sarrafa ƙananan ƙura.
• Ceto mai Sanin Fahimta: Tsarin yana ƙirƙira kuma yana kiyaye matakan haske da ake gani a sarari, yana magance babban shinge ga karɓar mai amfani na sarrafa haske ta atomatik.
• Girma don Manyan Wurare: Ana ƙara fa'idar a cikin manyan, buɗaɗɗen ofisoshi inda mai zama ɗaya zai buƙaci hasken babban yanki a al'ada.
• Haɗawa da Tsarin Gina: ILS ya dace da mafi girman dabarun ceton makamashi (Hoto 1), yana aiki azaman Layer mai hankali a saman ingantattun kayan haske da girbin hasken rana.

6. Bincike na Asali: Babban Fahimta, Tsarin Ma'ana, Ƙarfafawa & Kurakurai, Fahimta masu Aiki

Babban Fahimta: Hazakar takardar tana cikin jujjuyawar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam: maimakon tambayar masu amfani su jure ƙaramin haske don ceton makamashi (shawarar da ba ta dace ba), ta yi amfani da wayo da iyakokin tsarin gani na ɗan adam. Haske da ke wajen filin kallomu na yanzu ba ya ba da gudummawa ga hasken da muke gani. ILS ya yi amfani da wannan gibi na gani, ya mai da shi tafki na makamashi. Wannan ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin mu'amalar ɗan adam da kwamfuta inda atomatik mara tsangwama, mara kutsawa ya ci nasara akan umarnin mai amfani a sarari, kamar yadda algorithms na tsinkaya ke bayan Google's Smart Compose ko shawarwarin Siri na Apple.

Tsarin Ma'ana: Hujjar tana da inganci ta tattalin arziki. Ta fara da farashin haske da ba za a iya musantawa ba (yana ambaton Kralikova & Zhou). Sa'an nan kuma ta soki mafita masu ƙarfi kamar na'urori masu gano kasancewar mutum waɗanda ke kashe fitilu a cikin ɗakuna marasa komai amma sun kasa a cikin wuraren da aka mamaye wani ɓangare. An sanya ILS a matsayin mataki na juyin halitta na gaba: sarrafa ƙura, mai sanin fahimta. Tsarin fasaha daga shigarwar RGBD → Yanayi na 3D + Matsayin ɗan adam → Samfurin radiosity → Sarrafa fitilu yana da ma'ana, yana ɗaukar ingantattun dabarun hangen nesa na kwamfuta (kamar waɗanda ke cikin CycleGAN ko zuriyar Mask R-CNN don fahimtar hoto) kuma ana amfani da su ga sabon matsala mai ƙuntatawa a sararin jiki.

Ƙarfafawa & Kurakurai: Ƙarfinsa shine ingantaccen tabbaci, wanda ɗan adam ya tabbatar. Adadin ceton makamashi na kashi 66% yana ban mamaki kuma zai ja hankalin kowane manajan kayan aiki. Duk da haka, kurakurai suna cikin fadin gasa da fagen sirri. Dogaro da kyamarori na RGBD don bin diddigin matsayi na ci gaba bala'i ne na sirri don aiwatar da wurin aiki, yana haifar da damuwa iri ɗaya da waɗanda ke kewaye da saka idanu a cikin sito na Amazon. Farashin lissafi na radiosity na ainihi don yanayi mai motsi ba shi da mahimmanci, ƙalubale da aka yarda da shi a cikin binciken zane-zane daga cibiyoyi kamar MIT's CSAIL. Wakilin "lux a ido", ko da yake yana da hankali, ya sauƙaƙa ma'auni na fahimta kamar haske, zaɓin zafin jiki, da tasirin circadian, waɗanda su ne wuraren bincike masu aiki a Cibiyar Binciken Haske (LRC).

Fahimta masu Aiki: Ga kamfanonin fasahar gine-gine, wasan nan da nan shine gwada ILS a cikin muhallan da ke da ƙarancin haɗarin sirri, manyan rufi kamar sito ko gidajen wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kamata al'ummar bincike su mai da hankali kan haɗa sigogin da ke kiyaye sirri ta amfani da ƙananan zafin jiki ko na'urori masu auna zurfi marasa suna, da haɗa mafi sauƙi, saurin samfuran haske fiye da cikakken radiosity. Ga hukumomin ƙa'idodi, wannan aikin yana jaddada buƙatar gaggawa don sabunta ka'idojin makamashi na gini don ba da lada ga tsarin da suka sani, ba kawai fitarwar lumen ba. Yin watsi da ɓangaren ɗan adam a cikin madauki na sarrafawa yana barin babban ceton makamashi akan tebur.

7. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha da Tsarin Lissafi

Hanyar radiosity ita ce tsakiyar ILS. Tana warware daidaitawar rarraba haske a cikin muhalli wanda ya ƙunshi faci daban-daban. Babban lissafin radiosity don faci i shine:

$$B_i = E_i + \rho_i \sum_{j=1}^{n} B_j F_{ji}$$

Inda:

• $B_i$: Radiosity na faci i ( jimillar haske da ke barin facin).
• $E_i$: Radiosity da aka fitar da kansa (sifili ga waɗanda ba tushen haske ba).
• $\rho_i$: Haske (albedo) na faci i.
• $F_{ji}$: Siffar siffa daga faci j zuwa faci i, wanda ke wakiltar ɓangaren makamashi da ke barin j wanda ya isa i. Wannan kalma ce ta geometric da aka lissafta daga samfurin yanayi na 3D.
• Jimillar yana lissafin hasken da ke zuwa daga duk sauran faci j.

ILS yana gyara wannan simintin ta hanyar ɗaukar fitilu azaman faci masu fitarwa. Ta hanyar warware wannan tsarin lissafi, zai iya ƙima hasken a kowane wuri (kamar idon mai amfani) ta hanyar taƙaita gudummawar daga duk facin da ake iya gani. Sa'an nan algorithm ɗin sarrafawa yana rage fitilun waɗanda gudummawar su kai tsaye da mahimmanci ta kai tsaye ta faɗi a wajen frustum na kallon mai amfani.

8. Tsarin Bincike: Misalin Nazarin Lamari

Yanayi: Ma'aikaci ɗaya yana aiki da dare a cikin babban buɗaɗɗen ofis mai allunan LED na rufi 20.

Tsarin Gargajiya: Na'urori masu auna motsi na iya kiyaye duk fitilu a cikin yanki na gabaɗaya a kunne (misali, alluna 15), suna cinye ~15,000W.

Aiwatar da Tsarin ILS:

1. Shigarwa: Kyamara ta RGBD ta gano mutum ɗaya a tebur, matsayin kai yana fuskantar na'urar kallo da takardun aiki.
2. Lissafin Frustum: Tsarin yana ayyana ƙarar kallon dala mai faɗaɗawa daga kan mutum. Allunan LED 4 kawai ne kai tsaye a ciki ko suna haskaka wannan ƙarar sosai.
3. Simintin Radiosity: Samfurin ya lissafa cewa rage sauran alluna 16 yana rage hasken a wurin ido da lux 180 kawai (daga 1100 zuwa 920 lux).
4. Aikin Sarrafawa: ILS yana rage allunan da ba su da mahimmanci 16 zuwa ƙarfin kashi 10%, yana ajiye allunan mahimmanci 4 a kashi 100%.
5. Sakamako: Amfani da makamashi ya ragu zuwa ~4,000W. Ma'aikacin bai lura da wani canji mai ma'ana a cikin hasken wurin aikinsa ba, yayin da yankin aikinsa ya kasance mai haske sosai. Kamfanin yana ceton makamashi ba tare da tasiri ga yawan aiki ko jin daɗi ba.

9. Ayyuka na Gaba da Hanyoyin Bincike

• Inganta Masu Zama da yawa: Ƙaddamar da dabaru na ILS don inganta haske don mutane da yawa tare da yuwuwar frustums masu karo da juna, ƙirƙira shi azaman matsala mai inganta maƙasudai da yawa.
• Haɗawa da Hasken Circadian: Haɗa rage haske na ceton makamashi tare da daidaita zafin launi don tallafawa lafiyar mai zama da jin daɗi, bin bincike daga cibiyoyi kamar Well Living Lab.
• Hankali ta Zane ta Sirri: Maye gurbin cikakkun kyamarori na RGBD tare da ƙananan na'urori masu auna zurfi ko hankali na kasancewar RF mara suna (misali, Wi-Fi ko radar mmWave) don rage damuwa game da sirri.
• Gefen AI da Samfuran Mafi Sauri: Ai watar da algorithms na hangen nesa da sarrafawa akan guntuwar AI a gefe a cikin fitilun kansu, ta amfani da kimanin ko samfuran wakili na koyon inji don radiosity don ba da damar aiki na ainihi.
• Bayan Ofisoshi: Aikace-aikace a gidajen tarihi (hasken kawai zanen da ake kallo), dillalai (haskaka samfuran da abokan ciniki suke kallo), da saitunan masana'antu (samar da hasken aiki don aikin haɗawa).

10. Nassoshi

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4. Zhou, X., et al. (2016). Energy consumption of lighting in commercial buildings: A case study. Energy and Buildings.
5. Lighting Research Center (LRC), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. (n.d.). Lafiyar Dan Adam da Jin Dadi.
6. He, K., Gkioxari, G., Dollár, P., & Girshick, R. (2017). Mask R-CNN. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).
7. Zhu, J., Park, T., Isola, P., & Efros, A. A. (2017). Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).