OpenVLC1.3: Tsarin da Aikace-aikacen Dandalin Sadarwa ta Hanyar Haske mai Ganuwa mai Arha da Ingantaccen Aiki

Tsarin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Sadarwa ta Hanyar Haske mai Ganuwa (VLC) tana fitowa a matsayin fasahar wayar tarho mai haɓakawa ga RF, tana amfani da fitilun LED da suka yadu don aikawa da bayanai. Takardar ta gabatar da OpenVLC1.3, sabon salo na buɗaɗɗen tushe, mai arha, da dandalin da aka ƙaddara ta software don binciken VLC. Bisa ga abubuwan da suka gabata, OpenVLC1.3 ta magance matsaloli masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙimar bayanai, nisa, da ƙarfi, ta cimma 400 kb/s UDP aikawa da ƙaruwar nisan sadarwa sau 3.5 ba tare da ƙarin farashin kayan aiki ba. An sanya wannan dandalin don haɓaka ƙirar ƙira da gwaji a cikin VLC, yana daidaitawa da ƙoƙarin daidaita masana'antu kamar IEEE 802.11bb.

2. Tsarin Tsarin & Ƙira

An tsara tsarin OpenVLC1.3 a kusa da mahimman sassa guda huɗu: BeagleBone Black (BBB) allon da aka haɗa, na al'ada OpenVLC Cape (mai aikawa da karɓa na gaba), OpenVLC Firmware da ke gudana akan sashin Programmable Real-Time Unit (PRU) na BBB, da OpenVLC Driver a cikin kernel na Linux. Wannan ƙirar ta raba ayyukan PHY masu mahimmanci na lokaci (waɗanda PRU ke gudanarwa) daga ayyukan babban matakin hanyar sadarwa.

2.1 Ƙirar Kayan Aiki (OpenVLC Cape)

Sabuwar ƙirar cape tana da ƙaramin siffa kuma ta haɗa da mahimman ingantattun abubuwan gaba na analog:

• Ingantaccen Direban LED: Yana goyan bayan LED mai ƙarfi don fitar da haske mafi girma.
• Masu Tacewa don Rage Hayaniyar: An haɗa masu tacewa masu girma da ƙananan don hana karkatar da DC daga hasken muhalli da hayaniyar da'ira mai girma (misali, wuce gona da iri na amplifier).
• Ingantaccen Da'irar Mai Gano Hasken (PD): Hanyar karɓa mafi hankali.

2.2 Software & Firmware Stack

Tsarin software (Hoto na 2 a cikin PDF) yana da matakai:

• Direban Kernel: Yana sarrafa sadarwa tsakanin sararin mai amfani da hanyar sadarwa da firmware na PRU.
• Firmware na PRU: Yana aiwatar da daidaitawa/ɓata daidaitawa na ainihi, lokacin alama, da sabon algorithm na ganowa mai sauri na firam wanda aka ƙera don microcontrollers masu ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
• Hanyar Sadarwa: Yana ba da goyan baya na TCP/IP na yau da kullun, yana ba da damar haɗawa cikin sauƙi tare da ka'idojin intanet.

3. Gudunmawar Fasaha & Ƙirƙira

3.1 Haɓaka Mai Aikawa (TX)

Sabuwar ƙirar software don daidaitawar LED tana ba da damar ƙimar samfurin fiye da 2 MHz. Haɗin kai kai tsaye daga direban kernel zuwa firmware na PRU yana rage jinkiri da jitter, wanda ke da mahimmanci don cimma daidaitaccen daidaitawa mai sauri.

3.2 Mai Karɓa (RX) & Sarrafa Siginar

An ƙirƙira algorithms guda biyu masu mahimmanci:

• Gano Firam Mai Sauri: Algorithm mai sauƙi don gano gabatarwa wanda ke rage ƙididdigar lissafi da ƙaramin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya akan PRU.
• Sabon Gano Alama & Daidaitawa: Yana magance matsalolin daidaitawa daga nau'ikan da suka gabata, yana inganta amincin a ƙarƙashin yanayin tashoshi daban-daban.

3.3 Ma'auni Mafi Muhimmanci na Aiki

Takardar tana ba da tebur mai kwatankwacinsa (Tebur I) wanda ya taƙaita juyin halitta:

• OpenVLC1.0: 18 kb/s, software na tushen kernel.
• OpenVLC1.2: 100 kb/s, ya matsar da sarrafawa zuwa firmware.
• OpenVLC1.3: 400 kb/s, ingantattun masu tacewa na kayan aiki, ci-gaba da algorithms na firmware.

Ribar aikawa sau 4 da tsawaita nisa sau 3.5 sune manyan lambobi.

4. Kimantawa & Sakamako

Kimantawa mai yiwuwa yana nuna aikin dandalin a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Duk da yake ba a bayyana takamaiman lanƙwasa BER (Ƙimar Kuskuren Bit) da SNR (Siginar-zuwa-Hayaniyar) ko zane-zanen nisa-aikawa a cikin abin da aka ba da shi ba, takardar ta yi iƙirarin ingantaccen tabbatar da aikawa na 400 kb/s da ingantaccen kewayon. Tasirin sabbin masu tacewa wajen rage tsangwama na hasken muhalli (babban ƙalubale ga VLC) zai zama sakamako mai mahimmanci. Kwanciyar hankali na sabon direba da firmware a ƙarƙashin aiki mai tsayi shima ma'auni ne mai mahimmanci na nasara.

Bayanin Chati (An Ƙaddara): Chati mai layi zai iya nuna aikawa ta UDP (y-axis) da nisan watsawa (x-axis) don OpenVLC1.2 da OpenVLC1.3, yana nuna tsawaita kewayon sau 3.5 don manufar aikawa (misali, 100 kb/s). Wani jadawali na iya nuna Ƙimar Kuskuren Fakitin (PER) a ƙarƙashin matakan hayaniyar hasken muhalli daban-daban, yana nuna ingantaccen saboda sabbin masu tacewa na analog.

5. Fahimtar Jiki & Ra'ayi na Mai Bincike

Fahimtar Jiki: OpenVLC1.3 ba kawai haɓaka ne kawai ba; yana mai ba da damar fasaha wanda ke ba da damar binciken VLC mai inganci. Ta hanyar karya shingen 400 kb/s tare da dandalin ƙasa da $100, yana canza ƙirar ƙira na VLC daga wani aiki mai tsada zuwa fagen gwaji mai sauƙi, yana ƙara ƙarfin ƙirƙira don IEEE 802.11bb da sauransu.

Kwararar Hankali: Marubutan sun gano madaidaicin toshewa a cikin VLC mai ƙarancin ƙarshe: ba kawai saurin gudu ba, amma ƙarfi a cikin sauri. Hankalinsu yana gudana daga hana hayaniya (masu tacewa na kayan aiki) zuwa daidaitaccen daidaitawa mai girma (sake ƙirar firmware) zuwa sarrafa fakitin yadda ya kamata (sabbin algorithms na gano). Wannan cikakken tsarin shine ke haifar da ribar 4x/3.5x—darasi da yawancin dandalin bincike na modular suka rasa.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfin ba shakku ne: rabon farashi-aiki da ɗabi'ar buɗaɗɗen tushe. Yana cike wani gibi mai mahimmanci, kamar yadda na'urorin USRP suka kawo juyin juya hali ga binciken rediyo da aka ƙaddara ta software. Duk da haka, laifin yana cikin sararin sama. 400 kb/s, duk da yake yana da ban sha'awa ga dandalin, har yanzu yana da ƙarancin girma a ƙasa da binciken VLC na zamani ta amfani da kayan aiki na musamman (wanda zai iya kaiwa da yawa Gb/s). Dandalin yana haɗarin ƙirƙirar "ƙaramin kumfa" idan al'umma ba ta amfani da shi a matsayin mataki don bincika fasahohi masu ci gaba kamar OFDM ko MIMO-VLC ba, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga ƙa'idodin gaba.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: 1) Ga Masu Bincike: Yi amfani da OpenVLC1.3 ba kawai don gwaje-gwajen hanyar haɗin kai ba, amma a matsayin yashi don sabbin ka'idojin MAC da ingantaccen matakin giciye don hanyoyin sadarwar IoT-sensor, wani yanki inda aikawa ta isa. 2) Ga Masu Haɓakawa: Babban fifiko na gaba dole ne ya zama buga cikakkun bayanan halayen tashoshi da SDKs don tsarin daidaitawa mafi girma. 3) Ga Masana'antu (Membobin IEEE 802.11bb): Ya kamata a karɓi wannan dandalin a matsayin ma'auni don kimanta shawarwarin PHY masu sauƙi, ƙarancin wutar lantarki, tabbatar da cewa ƙa'idodin sun dogara ne akan fasaha mai aiki, mai iya aiwatarwa. Ƙimar ƙirar ƙira na buɗaɗɗen tushe don haɓaka daidaitawa an rubuta shi da kyau, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa da al'ummomin mara waya.

6. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Babban sarrafa siginar mai yiwuwa ya ƙunshi daidaitawar On-Off Keying (OOK) saboda sauƙinsa. Algorithm na gano firam mai sauri yana da mahimmanci. Ana iya fassara shi azaman tacewa mai dacewa ko aikin haɗin kai da aka yi akan siginar samfurin $r[n]$ tare da sanannen jerin gabatarwa $p[n]$ mai tsayi $L$:

$C[n] = \sum_{k=0}^{L-1} r[n+k] \cdot p[k]$

Ana gano firam lokacin da sakamakon haɗin kai $C[n]$ ya wuce kofa $\gamma$. Ƙirƙira ta ta'allaka ne akan aiwatar da wannan yadda ya kamata akan PRU mai ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, mai yiwuwa ta amfani da taga mai zamewa tare da sabuntawa ko tsarin gabatarwa mai sauƙi. Sabon tsarin daidaitawa mai yiwuwa ya ƙunshi madauki na Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) na dijital ko algorithm na dawo da lokaci don gano iyakokin alama daidai, yana gyara karkatar da agogo tsakanin mai aikawa da mai karɓa. Dokar yanke shawara ta alama don OOK ana iya wakilta ta kamar haka:

$\hat{s}[n] = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{idan } y[n] \geq \lambda \\ 0 & \text{in ba haka ba} \end{cases}$

inda $y[n]$ shine siginar da aka karɓa da aka tace kuma aka samfurin kuma $\lambda$ shine kofa na yanke shawara mai daidaitawa.

7. Tsarin Bincike: Nazarin Lamarin da ba Code ba

Yanayi: Kimanta VLC don Sadarwar Injini zuwa Injini (M2M) na Masana'antar Wayo.

Aikace-aikacen Tsarin:

1. Ayyana Bukatu: Jinkiri < 10ms, aikawa > 200 kb/s kowace hanyar haɗin kai, aiki a ƙarƙashin haske mai ƙarfi daga LED na masana'antu.
2. Zaɓin Dandali & Tushe: Yi amfani da OpenVLC1.3 a matsayin dandalin gwaji. Na farko, kafa aikin asali a cikin yanayi mai sarrafawa, duhu.
3. Gwajin Danniya: Gabatar da tsangwama: kwaikwayi hasken muhalli na masana'anta ta hanyar ƙara tushen LED mai haske, mai daidaitawa a kusa. Auna lalacewa a cikin PER da aikawa.
4. Gwajin Algorithm: Kunna/kwatanci gano firam mai sauri da aka gina da sabon daidaitawa da mafi sauƙi na gano asali. Ƙididdige ingantaccen lokacin saitin haɗin kai mai nasara da kwanciyar hankali a ƙarƙashin tsangwama.
5. Ƙarshe na Tsarin Tsarin: Bisa bayanan, a ƙayyade ko aikin guda (400 kb/s) da ƙarfi (aikin tacewa) sun cika bukatun M2M. Binciken zai bayyana ko dandalin ya dace da irin wannan yanayi mai yawa, mai hayaniya ko kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin keɓancewa (misali, masu aikawa da karɓa na jagora).

Wannan tsari yana motsawa fiye da gwaje-gwajen sauri kawai don tantance yuwuwar duniya na ainihi.

8. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Jagororin Bincike

OpenVLC1.3 yana ba da damar bincike a cikin mahimman fagage da yawa:

• IoT da Hanyoyin Sadarwar Sensor: Cikakkun hanyoyin sadarwar sensor marasa baturi ko ƙarancin wutar lantarki ta amfani da haske don duka wutar lantarki (ta hanyar tantanin hasken rana) da bayanai (VLC).
• Sanya Matsayi da Hankali na Cikin Gida: Sanya wuri mai daidaito (< 10 cm) da hankalin ayyukan ɗan adam ta hanyar nazarin bayanan yanayin tashoshi, gina aiki kamar [4,7,8].
• Sadarwa Mai Tsaro/Kunne: Yin amfani da yanayin layin gani na haske don tsaro na matakin jiki a cikin yanayi mai mahimmanci.
• Haɓaka Ka'idoji don IEEE 802.11bb: Gwada ka'idojin MAC masu sauƙi, hanyoyin canja wuri, da dabarun zaman tare da Wi-Fi.
• Haɗawa da Tsarin Halittu na Li-Fi: Zama dandalin haɓaka abokin ciniki don tsarin Li-Fi na kasuwanci masu zuwa.

Jagororin Dandali na Gaba: Matakai na gaba na hankali don OpenVLC sun haɗa da tallafawa wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) ta amfani da LED na RGB, haɗa masu hankali na inertial don nazarin motsi, da binciko dabarun "VLC mara aiki" na tushen baya kamar yadda a cikin [9,10] don sadarwa tare da alamun marasa baturi.

9. Nassoshi

1. Haas, H., Yin, L., Wang, Y., & Chen, C. (2016). Menene LiFi?. Journal of Lightwave Technology.
2. IEEE 802.11bb Task Group. (Ci gaba). Ma'auni don Sadarwar Haske.
3. Pathak, P. H., Feng, X., Hu, P., & Mohapatra, P. (2015). Sadarwar haske mai ganuwa, hanyar sadarwa, da hankali: bincike, yuwuwar da ƙalubale. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials.
4. Wang, Z., & Giustiniano, D. (2017). Sadarwa tare da Haske mara Ganuwa. (Mai dacewa da aikace-aikacen hankali).
5. Galisteo, A., Juara, D., & Giustiniano, D. (2019). Bincike a cikin Tsarin Sadarwar Haske mai Ganuwa tare da OpenVLC1.3. (Wannan takarda).
6. Aikin OpenVLC. https://www.openvlc.org (Tushen don cikakkun bayanai na dandali).
7. Zhuang, Y., et al. (2018). Binciken Tsarin Sanya Matsayi ta Amfani da Fitilun LED masu Ganuwa. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.
8. Kahn, J. M., & Barry, J. R. (1997). Sadarwar infrared mara waya. Proceedings of the IEEE. (Aiki mai mahimmanci).