1. Gabatarwa
Diododin Hasken Halitta (OLEDs) suna wakiltar fasaha mai canzawa a cikin ilimin haske da lantarki, suna fitowa a matsayin babbar mafita don cikakkun nunin launi da hasken da bai cutar da muhalli ba. Tun lokacin aikin farko na Tang da Van Slyke a 1987, OLEDs sun sami ci gaba sosai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga ingantaccen ingancin launi, faɗin kusurwoyin kallo, sassauƙa, da tsarin kera da ba shi da mercury. Wannan bita yana haɗa sabbin ci gaba a cikin kayan aiki, ilimin lissafi na na'ura, da dabarun injiniya, yana tsara hanyar daga bincike na asali zuwa aikace-aikacen kasuwanci na hasken wayo da nuni.
2. Hanyoyin Fitar da Hasken
Ingancin OLED yana ƙarƙashin ikon kayan hasken lantarki na canza makamashin lantarki zuwa haske. Manyan hanyoyi guda uku ne suka mamaye binciken na yanzu.
2.1 Hasken Fluorescence
Hasken fluorescence na al'ada yana amfani da singlet excitons, amma yana da iyaka da matsakaicin ingancin ciki na quantum (IQE) na 25%, saboda kawai 25% na excitons da aka samar da lantarki su ne singlet bisa ga ƙididdiga na juzu'i.
2.2 Hasken Phosphorescence
OLEDs masu hasken phosphorescence (PHOLEDs) suna amfani da hadaddun ƙarfe masu nauyi (misali, Iridium, Platinum) don sauƙaƙa ketare tsakanin tsarin, tattara duka singlet da triplet excitons. Wannan yana ba da damar har zuwa 100% IQE amma sau da yawa a farashin raguwar inganci a cikin haske mai ƙarfi da farashin kayan aiki.
2.3 Hasken Jinkirin da Zafi ya Kunna (TADF)
Kayan TADF suna cimma 100% IQE ba tare da ƙarfe masu nauyi ba ta hanyar samun ƙaramin tazarar makamashi ($\Delta E_{ST}$) tsakanin yanayin singlet da triplet, yana ba da damar ketare tsarin baya (RISC). Ƙimar RISC ($k_{RISC}$) tana da mahimmanci kuma ana bayar da ita kamar haka: $k_{RISC} \propto \exp(-\Delta E_{ST}/kT)$.
3. Tsarin Na'ura
Inganta tari na yadudduka na halitta yana da mahimmanci don daidaita shigar da caji, sufuri, sake haɗawa, da fitar da haske.
3.1 Tsarukan Al'ada
Tsarin asali ya ƙunshi: Anode (ITO) / Layer na Shigar da Rami (HIL) / Layer na Sufuri Rami (HTL) / Layer mai Fitowa (EML) / Layer na Sufuri Electron (ETL) / Cathode. Daidaita matakin makamashi a kowane mahaɗi yana da mahimmanci don rage shingen shigarwa.
3.2 OLEDs Tandem
Tsarukan Tandem suna haɗa raka'o'in fitar da haske da yawa a jere ta hanyar yadudduka na samar da caji (CGLs). Wannan tsarin yana ninka haske a wani yanki na yanzu, yana haɓaka rayuwa da inganci sosai. Jimlar ƙarfin lantarki kusan jimlar ƙarfin lantarki na kowane raka'a ne.
3.3 Tsarukan Tari da Tsarin Microcavity
Sarrafa kauri na yadudduka daidai yana haifar da tasirin microcavity, yana haɓaka fitar da haske a takamaiman hanyoyi da tsayin raƙuman ruwa, wanda ke da amfani musamman ga pixels na nuni.
4. Dabarun Fitar da Hasken
Babban matsalar shi ne kamawar kusan 50-80% na hasken da aka samar a cikin na'ura saboda cikakken juyawar ciki a mahaɗin halitta/ITO/gilashi.
4.1 Kama Hasken Ciki
Ana rasa photons zuwa hanyoyin igiyar haske a cikin yadudduka na halitta/ITO da hanyoyin substrate a cikin gilashi. Yawan hasken da aka haɗa a cikin kowane yanayi ya dogara da fihirisar refractive: $n_{org} \approx 1.7-1.8$, $n_{ITO} \approx 1.9-2.0$, $n_{glass} \approx 1.5$.
4.2 Dabarun Fitar da Hasken Waje
Dabarun sun haɗa da:
- Yadudduka masu Watsawa: Saman da ke watsawa ko ɓangarorin da aka saka.
- Tsarukan Microlens: An haɗa su da substrate don ƙara mazugi na tserewa.
- Substrates masu Tsari/ Tsarin Ciki: Bragg gratings ko kristal na photonic don sake tura hasken da aka kama.
5. OLEDs Masu Sassauƙa da Lantarki Masu Bayyana
Makomar nunin yana cikin sassauƙa. Wannan ya dogara ne da haɓaka ƙaƙƙarfan, lantarki masu bayyana masu sassauƙa (FTCEs) don maye gurbin indium tin oxide (ITO) mai rauni. Madadin da ke da alƙawari sun haɗa da:
- Polymers masu Gudanarwa: PEDOT:PSS, tare da daidaitaccen gudanarwa amma damuwa game da kwanciyar hankali na muhalli.
- Ragunan Nanowire na Ƙarfe: Azurfa nanowires suna ba da babban gudanarwa da sassauƙa, amma suna iya samun matsalolin hazo da rashin santsi.
- Graphene da Bututun Carbon Nanotubes: Kyakkyawan kaddarorin injiniya, amma cimma daidaitattun fina-finai masu inganci, masu gudanarwa a sikeli yana da ƙalubale.
- Fina-finan Ƙarfe na Bakin ciki: Ag mai bakin ciki ko hadaddun Ag tare da yadudduka na dielectric don hana tunani.
6. Aikace-aikace da Kasuwanci
6.1 Hasken Ƙarfafan Jiki
Panels na OLED suna ba da hasken fari mai watsawa, mara haske, da daidaitawa don gine-gine da hasken musamman. Maɓallin ma'auni sune ingancin haske (lm/W), fihirisar nuna launi (CRI > 90 don ingantaccen haske), da tsawon rayuwa (LT70 > 50,000 hours).
6.2 Fasahar Nuni
OLEDs sun mamaye kasuwar wayoyin hannu masu daraja kuma suna ci gaba a cikin TV, kwamfutocin hannu, da nunin mota. Fa'idodi sun haɗa da cikakkun matakan baki (bambanci mara iyaka), saurin amsawa, da 'yanci na siffar (sassauƙa, nadi, bayyana).
7. Ra'ayoyin Gaba
Bitar ta gano manyan ƙalubale: ƙara inganta tsawon rayuwar mai fitar da shuɗi, rage farashin kera (musamman don manyan wurare), da haɓaka fasahar rufewa don na'urori masu sassauƙa masu tsawon rai. Haɗa OLEDs tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin da da'irori don "wayo" saman hulɗa shine iyaka mai ban sha'awa.
8. Bincike na Asali & Sharhin Kwararru
Fahimtar Asali: Fagen OLED yana cikin wani muhimmin lokaci na juyawa, yana canzawa daga fasahar da ke da alaƙa da nuni zuwa dandamali na tushe don hasken da ke da alaƙa da ɗan adam na gaba da saman hankali. Yaƙin gaske ba game da tsaftar launi ko inganci kawai ba ne—game da haɗin tsarin tsarin da tsarin tattalin arzikin kera ne.
Kwararar Hankali: Zou da sauransu suna bin sawun juyin halitta daga kayan aiki (TADF a matsayin hanya mai tsada 100% IQE) zuwa ilimin haske na na'ura (warware matsalar fitar da haske) zuwa siffar (sassauƙa). Duk da haka, bitar ba ta da nauyi ga jujjuyawar girgiza zuwa sarrafa mafita (misali, buga inkjet) don manyan nunin da haske, wani yanayi da kamfanoni kamar Kateeva da JOLED suka jaddada. Juyawar masana'antu, kamar yadda aka lura a cikin rahotanni daga IDTechEx da Ƙungiyar OLED, shine don rage farashin-kowane-nits da ba da damar sabbin siffofi, ba kawai bin kololuwar EQE ba.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfin takardar shine ra'ayinsa na gaba ɗaya, haɗa ilimin lissafi na asali zuwa injiniya. Babban aibi, gama gari a cikin bita na ilimi, shine ƙaramin tattaunawa game da amincin da hanyoyin lalacewa. Don kasuwanci, faɗuwar haske na 5% (LT95) sama da sa'o'i 10,000 yana da mahimmanci fiye da ribar 5% a cikin inganci mai kololuwa. "Ramin kore" da kwanciyar hankali mai fitar da shuɗi—musamman don TADF—sun kasance ƙafar Achilles, wani batu da aka rubuta sosai a cikin aikin Adachi da sauransu.
Hanyoyin Aiki masu Aiki: Ga masu saka hannun jari da manajoji na R&D: 1) Yi amfani da TADF da Kayan Haɗin gwiwa: Makomar ba ta da ƙarfe ko ƙananan tsarin tushen ƙarfe don farashi da dorewa. 2) Mayar da hankali kan Fitowa a matsayin Factor mai Yawa: Ribar 2x a cikin fitar da haske yana inganta kowane ma'aunin na'ura kuma yawanci yana da araha fiye da haɓaka sabon mai fitarwa. 3) Duba Bayan Nuni: Babban ƙima na musamman don OLEDs a cikin shekaru 5 masu zuwa yana cikin na'urorin likitanci (na'urorin phototherapy masu sawa), cikin mota (haske mai daidaitawa), da haske mai bakin ciki, mai sauƙi don sararin samaniya. Haɗuwa tare da binciken LED na perovskite (PeLED), kamar yadda aka gani a cikin aikin layi daya daga ƙungiyoyi kamar na Prof. Richard Friend a Cambridge, yana nuna makomar tsarin haɗin gwiwar halitta da maras ƙarfe wanda zai iya warware shingen farashi-aiwatarwa don hasken gaba ɗaya.
9. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Sakamakon Gwaji
Mahimmin Tsari - Ingancin Quantum na Waje (EQE): Ana ba da ingancin na'ura gabaɗaya kamar haka: $$EQE = \gamma \times \eta_{r} \times \Phi_{PL} \times \eta_{out}$$ inda $\gamma$ shine ma'aunin daidaiton caji, $\eta_{r}$ shine rabon samuwar exciton (25% don fluorescence, ~100% don phosphorescence/TADF), $\Phi_{PL}$ shine yawan hasken photoluminescence na mai fitarwa, da $\eta_{out}$ shine ingancin fitar da haske (yawanci 20-30%).
Sakamakon Gwaji & Bayanin Ginshiƙi: Bitar ta ambaci na'urori na zamani masu cimma:
- OLEDs TADF Kore: EQE > 35% tare da daidaitattun CIE kusa da (0.30, 0.65).
- OLEDs Phosphorescent Shuɗi: LT70 (lokacin zuwa 70% na farkon haske) a 1000 cd/m² ya wuce sa'o'i 500, tare da EQE ~25%. Wannan har yanzu ma'auni ne mai mahimmanci don aikace-aikacen nuni.
- OLEDs Fari Masu Sassauƙa: Don haske, na'urori masu sassauƙa akan substrates na PET tare da ingancin haske na 80 lm/W da CRI na 85 an nuna su, suna nuna ci gaba zuwa kera nadi-zuwa-roll.
10. Tsarin Bincike & Nazarin Lamari
Tsari: Matsayin Shirye-shiryen Fasahar OLED & Matrix Ƙima
Don kimanta kowane ci gaban OLED, muna ba da shawarar tsarin axis biyu:
- X-axis: Matsayin Shirye-shiryen Fasaha (TRL 1-9): Daga bincike na asali (TRL 1-3) zuwa samfurin kasuwanci (TRL 9).
- Y-axis: Mai Ninka Ƙima: Tasirin yuwuwar akan farashin tsarin, aiki, ko ƙirƙirar sabon kasuwa (ƙasa/Matsakaici/Babu).
Nazarin Lamari: Aiwatar da Tsarin
Fasaha: Azurfa Nanowire (AgNW) Lantarki Masu Sassauƙa.
Bincike:
- TRL: 7-8. An haɗa su cikin samfuri na nunin sassauƙa da panels na haske ta wasu kamfanoni da yawa.
- Mai Ninka Ƙima: BABU. Yana ba da damar ainihin fasalin sassauƙa, yana rage dogaro ga ƙarancin indium, kuma yana dacewa da ƙananan zafin jiki, sarrafa nadi-zuwa-roll, rage farashin kera.
- Hukunci: Wani yanki na ci gaba mai fifiko. Manyan cikas ba na asali ba ne amma injiniya: inganta kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci a ƙarƙashin lanƙwasa da danshi, da rage rashin santsi na lantarki don hana gajeren na'ura.
11. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyi
- Optoelectronics Masu Haɗin Bio: OLEDs masu sassauƙa, masu bakin ciki don na'urorin phototherapeutic masu saka ko sawa, misali, don maganin da aka yi niyya na jaundice ko rashin lafiyar yanayi.
- Samani Bayyana da Masu Hulɗa: Windows waɗanda suke ninki biyu a matsayin nuni ko tushen haske, da allunan mota tare da haske mai daidaitawa, daidaitawa, da nuna bayanai.
- Nuni/Hasken Neuromorphic: Haɗa OLEDs tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin bakin ciki da na'urori don ƙirƙirar saman da suka dace da zafin launi da haske bisa ga yanayin circadian na mazauni ko aiki, suna motsawa bayan "wayo" mai tsayayye zuwa mahalli masu amsawa da gaske. Bincike a wannan fanni ana jagorantar shi a cibiyoyi kamar Lab din Media na MIT da Cibiyar Holst.
- Kera mai Dorewa: Babban alkibla na gaba shine haɓaka cikakken sarrafa mafita, OLEDs da aka kera nadi-zuwa-roll ta amfani da kaushi masu kore, rage farashi da tasirin muhalli don aikace-aikacen haske na manyan wurare.
12. Nassoshi
- Tang, C. W. & VanSlyke, S. A. Diododin electroluminescent na halitta. Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 913 (1987). (Aikin tushe).
- Uoyama, H. da sauransu. Diododin hasken halitta masu inganci sosai daga jinkirin haske. Nature 492, 234–238 (2012). (Takarda mai mahimmanci ta TADF).
- IDTechEx. Hasashen Nuni na OLED, 'Yan wasa da Damar 2024-2034. (Rahoton nazarin kasuwa).
- Adachi, C. Kayan electroluminescence na halitta na ƙarni na uku. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53, 060101 (2014). (Bita akan TADF da ilimin lissafi na na'ura).
- Friend, R. H. da sauransu. Electroluminescence a cikin polymers masu haɗawa. Nature 397, 121–128 (1999). (Muhimmin aiki akan LEDs polymer).
- Ƙungiyar OLED. https://www.oled-a.org (Gidan yanar gizon haɗin gwiwar masana'antu don sabbin yanayin kasuwanci).
- Lab din Media na MIT. Bincike akan mahalli masu amsawa da hasken da ke da alaƙa da ɗan adam.
- Zou, S.-J. da sauransu. Sabbin ci gaba a cikin diododin hasken halitta: zuwa ga hasken wayo da nuni. Mater. Chem. Front. 4, 788–820 (2020). (Takardar da aka yi bita).